Death toll European colonialism in Africa

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This took quite a while.

Sources:

Italy 

 Libya: Shillington, Kevin (2018). History of Africa. London: Bloomsbury, Ahmida, Ali Abdullatif (2020). Genocide in Libya. Abingdon, UK 

Ethiopia: Sbacchi, Alberto (1978). Marcus, H. G. (ed.). "The Price of Empire: Towards an Enumeration of Italian Casualties in Ethiopia 1935–40", Barker, A. J. (1968). The Civilising Mission: The Italo-Ethiopian War 1935–6. London: Cassell. 

Belgium 

Congo Free State: Sanderson J.P(2010). La demographie du Congo sous la colonisation Belge, UCL, Lauro et al.(2024) Colonial Congo – a History in Questions, Brepols Publishers 

Belgian Congo: Mwakikagile, Godfrey (2014). Statecraft and Nation Building in Africa: A Post-colonial Study. Dar es Salaam: New Africa Press. 

Collection: world-history - Tags: deaths, colonialism, africa - Source: reddit.com